characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

It then continues in summarising the main specific characteristics of agriculture: The land use function, the supply and demand characteristics, the contribution of the agricultural sector to the provision of positive externalities and public goods, food as a unique and most essential good and agriculture as a key element for the development of . In Ethiopia's lowlands, for example, the presence of malaria kept farmers from settling in many areas. Section D. J. Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia -- 24. Oilseeds of lesser significance include castor beans, rapeseed, peanuts, and safflower and sunflower seeds. The GOE imposes an export ban on cereal grain and local prices are often higher than what they are on the international market. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. Between 1976 and 1985, the government constructed 600,000 kilometers of agricultural embankments on cultivated land and 470,000 kilometers of hillside terraces, and it closed 80,000 hectares of steep slopes for regeneration. In chtse area intensive farming is carried on in limited. More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. In the dry lowlands, persistent winds also contribute to soil erosion. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. The LMP also calls for increases in dairy, broiler and egg production to satisfy increasing consumer demand for affordable animal proteins. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Assess the effect of the main factors of Ethiopia crop production (land, labor & capital) in general and cereal production in particular. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. Jorge Morales Pedraza. Private companies are allowed to import food commodities including wheat, rice, sugar, powder milk, and cooking oils. Exports are almost entirely agricultural commodities, and coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. Agricultural products account for more than 90 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country . [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . Despite the Derg's efforts to reassure farmers that land reform would not affect them negatively, northerners remained suspicious of the new government's intentions. . In Ethiopia 95% of the total area is cultivated by smallholder farmers and contribute 90% of the total agricultural output. The first, found in areas with relatively good drainage, consists of red-to-reddish-brown clayey loams that hold moisture and are well endowed with needed minerals, with the exception of phosphorus. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . They are sticky when wet, hard when dry, and difficult to work. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. Approximately 25% of Ethiopia's population depended directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood. Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 19:04, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. Vertisols are very important soils in Ethiopian agriculture. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. U.S. Department of Commerce Primarily, growth in the market should reach 8.1 percent per year during this time frame. The directorates goal is to increase productivity, employment, technology transfer, and foreign exchange reserves by attracting investors with incentives and favorable land lease terms. However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. The most important oilseed is the indigenous Niger seed (neug), which is grown on 50 percent or more of the area devoted to oilseeds. Milk and dairy processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Matou, P., Y. Todo, et al. The program later facilitated the establishment of similar internationally supported and financed projects at Ada'a Chukala (just south of Addis Ababa), Welamo, and Humera. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. Resultantly there has been significant uptake of resistant wheat varieties among Ethiopian farmers since 2014. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. Blue Nile makes about 80% by volume of the Great Nile River. the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic . Brighter Green, 2. processed food, beverages, and livestock products meat, milk, and eggs), as well as the textile/apparel and leather industries. The high concentration of animals in the highlands, together with the fact that cattle are often kept for status, reduces the economic potential of Ethiopian livestock. The importance of smallholder farming is increasingly recognized in rural areas where increased crop productivity and market participation can effectively improve their dietary diversity and nutrition quality. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. The market for agriculture in Ethiopia is projected to register a CAGR of 5.4% during the forecast period, 2021-2026). In early 1989, for example, the price of one kilogram/US$0.58; of coffee was by June it had dropped to US$0.32. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation. Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. For the foreseeable future, the demand for cotton is expected to outstrip local supplies, making imports necessary. [7], Although the issue of land reform was not addressed until the Ethiopian Revolution in 1974, the government had tried to introduce programs to improve the condition of farmers. [12], In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products.[13]. Grain yields are relatively low due to the countrys rugged topography, poor land management, small-scale landholdings, irregular rainfall, limited mechanization, and insufficient supplies of fertilizer and improved seed. Because of low rainfall, these soils have limited agricultural potential, except in some areas where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of natural forage at certain times of the year. In the case of the textile and apparel sector, a shortage of locally-produced cotton suggests a need for cotton imports, including from the United States. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. There may also be future opportunities for equipment and systems to process these commodities. Contributions, potentials and characteristics of agriculture in Ethiopia The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia The Ethiopian economy is an agrarian economy. Productivity and technology. It is cultivated principally by the Gurage, Sidama, and several other ethnic groups in the region. Forestland, most of it in the southwestern part of the country, accounted for 4 percent of the total land area, according to the government. In Ethiopia, agriculture is started during the Neolithic revolution era, ten thousand years ago. [7], Historically, Ethiopia was a rare exception in Sub-Saharan Africa, because of its special environmental circumstances, that enabled Ethiopian farmers to increase their productivity, for example by using ploughs. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. Official websites use .gov Tenant farmers in southern Ethiopia, where the average tenancy was as high as 55% and rural elites exploited farmers, welcomed the land reform. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). >. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. Land Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. However, production is constrained in part by outdated ginneries and limited availability of quality inputs, including seed, fertilizer, and pest control agents. Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. This government-led outreach, combined with low labor and electricity costs, has already yielded fruits with a number of Turkish, Indian, Chinese, Indonesian and other foreign firms opening businesses in Ethiopia in recent years. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. Five major cereals (teff, wheat, maize, sorghum and barley) are the core of Ethiopia's agriculture and food economy, accounting for about Trade. To implement this strategy, the government relied on peasant associations and rural development, cooperatives and state farms, resettlement and villagization, increased food production, and a new marketing policy. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. Production is overwhelmingly of a subsistence nature, and a large part of commodity exports are provided by the small agricultural cash-crop sector. Challenges of Agricultural Production and Productivity in Ethiopia. [21] It is estimated to number over 150 million in 20072008. Pulses, grown widely at all altitudes from sea level to about 3,000 meters, are more prevalent in the northern and central highlands. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. The MPP included credit for the purchase of items such as fertilizers, improved seeds, and pesticides; innovative extension services; the establishment of cooperatives; and the provision of infrastructure, mainly water supply and all-weather roads. Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee . The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. The food deficit estimate for the 198589 period indicated that production averaged about 6 million tons while demand reached about 10 million tons, thus creating an annual deficit of roughly 4 million tons. It has also enjoyed a considerable attention by the government. [7], Wheat stem rust threatens the Ethiopian harvest every year and recently that especially means Ug99. The GOE encourages investments in meat processing, especially those that are focused on exporting value-added products abroad. The GOE has an ambitious plan to attain wheat self-sufficiency and halt importations. Merkebu Getachew. [7], While efforts are being made to intensify and industrialize the sector, questions arise as to how Ethiopia can develop and expand its livestock population when Ethiopians already struggle to gain access to good soil, grazing land, and water. There are two predominant soil types in the highlands. [18], Another new source for export revenue is the production of chat, an amphetamine-like stimulant which is consumed both inside Ethiopia and in adjacent countries, and which is considered a drug of abuse that can lead to mild to moderate psychological dependence. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. Between 198485 and 198687, at the height of the drought, Ethiopia received more than 1.7 million tons of grain, about 14 percent of the total food aid for Africa. "Agriculture" (and subsections). [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. Opportunities also exist for agricultural inputs and systems used to grow and process cotton into textile and apparel. [7] Under the Homegrown Economic Reform Program,the GOE intends to make the textile and apparel industry one of the economic engines that will propel future growth. A couple of U.S. investors have also entered the market. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. Finally, although the production cost of pulses and oilseeds continued to rise, the government's price control policy left virtually unchanged the official procurement price of these crops, thus substantially reducing net income from them. Ethiopia is home to abundant livestock resources. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. will supply the domestic market. Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. These types of soils are found in much of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region (SNNPR). The amount of coffee inspected in the fiscal year 20072008 by the Ethiopian Coffee and Tea Authority (ECTA) was 230,247 tons, a decrease of almost 3% from the previous fiscal year's total of 236,714 tons. Much of the food deficit was covered through food aid. Common vegetables include onions, peppers, squash, and a cabbage similar to kale. State farms sold their output to the AMC. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. The agricultural production trends throughout the 1980's up to mid-1990's were characterized by wide fluctuations in total output and weak growth, with grain production increasing at rate of 1.37% annually compared to population growth of 2.9 % (World Bank, 2004). [11], The primary motive for the expansion of state farms was the desire to reverse the drop in food production that has continued since the revolution. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) The GOE is focusing on expanding chicken meat production in order to reduce the countrys longstanding dependence on the livestock sector, minimize the sectors environmental footprint, and provide more affordable protein to the masses. Grain consumption, especially for wheat and wheat-based products like bread and pasta, continues to climb as incomes rise and more people move to urban centers. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. APDF readeris available from Adobe Systems Incorporated. Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). There is considerable room for investment when considering that about 95 percent of Ethiopias crop production is rain fed. ", Tables D.4 D.7. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. Agron., 16: 180-195. . Ethiopian Agricultural Research Institute (EIAR), Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation (ETBC). Ethiopia has considerable potential for producing cotton. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. Nevertheless, Ethiopia's manufacturing sector is still far from being the engine of growth and structural change. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. Agro-processed products, such as chicken, cheese, butter, eggs, biscuits, bread, juice, etc.

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