Corbett
Questions with answers: 125. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. Double vision, eye strain, blurred vision, fatigue, headache, dizziness and pain around the eye are common signs and symptoms between the two conditions.
Simultaneous injury of the medial longitudinal fasciculus has been postulated as another reason sixth cranial nerve palsy may appear comitant.4 However, none of the patients classified as primary had clinical signs of internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Many affected patients experience spontaneous resolution of double vision within several months.
DIVERGENCE INSUFFICIENCY - Optography Unfortunately, since the ocular ductions appear full in a patient with suspected divergence insufficiency, objective means to assess the state of ocular comitancy do not exist for office determination. Factors associated with base-in prism treatment outcomes for convergence insufficiency in symptomatic presbyopes. Jampolsky
Sagging eye syndrome (SES) was first described by Rutar and Demer in 2009, as a potential leading cause of strabismus in older adult population as a combination of horizontal and vertical strabismus in addition to bilateral blepharoptosis (ptosis with high lid creases) and deepening of the sulcus. Head trauma 3. Patients with convergence insufficiency will often complain of eye strain when looking at near objects (reading, writing, computer work, etc.
Clinical management of binocular vision: heterophoric, accommodative, and eye movement disorders. When you try to focus on something close to your eyes, you may have: Tired eyes. It is most often related to raised intracranial pressure or Chiari malformation. RDInternuclear ophthalmoplegia in giant cell arteritis. Patients with divergence insufficiency may complain of intermittent double vision (diplopia) when looking at something in the distance, frequent "wandering" of the eyes, headaches, motion sickness, and eye fatigue that comes and goes and can vary from day-to-day depending on how tired the individual is. None of these patients underwent strabismus surgery. Wiggins
However, age-associated degeneration of the ligaments interconnecting the EOM pulleys permits inferior sag of the LR pulley, causing esotropia, cyclovertical strabismus, or both. Therapy will aim at increasing negative fusional vergence ranges to strengthen the fusional vergence system and. It is an unusual form of strabismus with esotropia and diplopia only at distance and single binocular vision at near. Drs. DIVERGENCE insufficiency refers to a clinically defined acquired disorder of ocular horizontal version, characterized by full-appearing ocular ductions and comitant esotropia at distance. American Academy of Ophthalmology. The use of MRI imaging is confirmatory rather than "required" to make the diagnosis, since diagnosis is mainly clinical. A similar technique is used for rehabilitation: the patient is instructed to do push-up exercises (looking at an object intermittently moved in and out from the bridge of the nose) daily at home to decrease the near point of convergence.Divergence InsufficiencyDivergence insufficiency is characterized as follows: Comitant esotropia is present at distance but not at near. Ductions and versions are full. It is most often related to raised intracranial pressure or Chiari malformation.Classic causes of divergence insufficiency include the following: Raised intracranial pressure Chiari malformation Head trauma Intracranial hypotension (low CSF pressure syndrome) Cerebellar lesions Midbrain massAbnormal Horizontal Conjugate DeviationsGaze deviations are relatively common in large cerebral and pontine lesions (Fig. They use head thrusts to shift fixation. NParalysis of divergence. Of the 15 patients with secondary divergence insufficiency, an underlying neurologic or systemic disorder was either known or initially suspected in all based on the initial history and physical examination. Prism is a powerful tool that can be used to successfully treat a variety of binocular vision conditions. AParalysis of divergence.
Convergence and Divergence - Vivid Vision Although ophthalmoplegia associated with temporal arteritis has been rarely attributed to brainstem23 or ocular motor nerve injury,24 most cases are thought to result from extraocular muscle ischemia.25,26 The association of divergence insufficiency and temporal arteritis in these 2 cases emphasizes that the diagnostic signs of this ocular motor disturbance are not localizing and could occur in other disorders associated with local injury of extraocular muscles, such as myasthenia gravis, as was identified in 1 of the patients of Lepore.15, Divergence insufficiency was observed in 4 patients with pseudotumor cerebri. The inferior rectus (IR) was chosen when hypertropia was vertically concomitant or greatest in infraversion. Therapy will aim at increasing positive fusional vergence ranges to help strengthen the fusional vergence system and make near tasks more tolerable. There are many different ways to do this, but the best method to use depends on the type of binocular vision disorder for which you are prescribing. SHarbison
Br J Ophthalmol. Neuroimaging was not performed in 4 of these patients so it is possible that some of them had unsuspected lesions. J AAPOS. et al. A recent review in January 2020 supported the evidence that when the symptoms of diplopia are burdensome to the patient, surgery is the only treatment that can eliminate the misalignment almost 100%. If you have not read the previous portions of the vision therapy series it is highly advisable that you check them out first as they cover basics not explained here. Although small amounts of vertical prism can be prescribed in contact lenses, patients who need prism usually have to wear it on a spectacle lens. Treatment options include correction with base-out prisms for distance, Tomasz A. Wiraszka, MD, and Praveena Gupta, OD, PhD, FAAO, Galveston, Texas, April 2015 Wills Eye Resident Case Series, Wills Eye Resident Case Series - Diagnosis and Discussion, November 2014 Wills Eye Resident Case Series, February 2016 Wills Eye Resident Case Series - Diagnosis & Discussion. it is highly advisable that you check them out first as they cover basics not explained here. This is part 7 of the vision therapy series and will focus on vergence insufficienciesConvergence Insufficiency and Divergence Insufficiency. Divergence insufficiency can also result in headaches, motion sickness and sensitivity to bright lights. One of these patients had posterior ischemic optic neuropathy, but no other signs of orbital ischemia. Prescribing relieving prism for horizontal, non-strabismic, binocular vision disorders can be done by calculating Sheards or Percivals criteria by using clinical data or analyzing fixation disparity and determining the associated phoria.1 At near, fixation disparity and the associated phoria can be found with a Wesson card.
Divergence insufficiency associated with high myopia - PubMed Vision therapy exercises aimed at strengthening and normalizing accommodation can be found in Part 4 of this series. With the exception of the size of vertical fusion amplitude, ocular motor signs associated with divergence insufficiency did not distinguish patients with idiopathic from those with secondary disorders. CHNuclear and infranuclear ocular motility disorders. However, the cause of convergence insufficiency is often unknown. Relieving prism is often prescribed for patients with intermittent strabismus and sometimes for those with constant strabismus. Patients with 20 to 30 PDs of exotropia should be left with 10 to 15 PDs of residual vergence demand, and patients with a vertical strabismus of 3 to 10 PDs should be left with 2 to 4 PDs of residual vergence demand.7 RVD is best used in patients who have vergence ranges that have been maximally trained through vision therapy but still need prism to maintain binocular vision in free space.12. Patients with DI typically complain of gradual onset, variable frequency, homonymous diplopia, which is worse at distance. Randomized clinical trial of treatments for symptomatic convergence insufficiency in children. If the patient is only using one eyethe image will not be formed correctly. The characteristics of the patients in this series who have an idiopathic disorder suggest that if certain rules of diagnosis are obeyed, divergence insufficiency can be distinguished from sixth cranial nerve palsy in most cases using clinical techniques. In the 2 patients with temporal arteritis, the rapid resolution of esotropia coincident with initiation of corticosteroid treatment, along with the development of posterior ischemic optic neuropathy in 1 case, point to ischemic injury of extraocular muscles as the cause of ophthalmoplegia. Theme. Although successfully prescribing it can sometimes seem like a time-consuming and daunting task, the following tips can help you smoothly incorporate the use of prism for binocular vision conditions into your practice for the best outcomes. Prism prescriptions often greatly improve the quality of life of your patients by reducing asthenopia and diplopia. The first hurdle is ensuring your patient is comfortable with wearing spectacles. In some circumstances, individuals with divergence insufficiency will also suffer from high esophoria or esotropia, meaning the eyes like to sit in an inward position. Committee on Aging. Many affected patients experience spontaneous resolution of double vision within several months. Effectiveness of base in prism for presbyopes with convergence insufficiency. Near point of convergence test: This test will . is fixed. Of the 15 patients with secondary divergence insufficiency, there were 11 women and 4 men, ranging in age from 8 to 86 years, with a median (mean) age of 56 (51) years. When nonisolated, divergence insufficiency is most often reported in patients with intracranial hypertension, a neurologic condition often associated with sixth cranial nerve palsy.8,12-14,16 Some investigators have recorded slow abducting saccades in patients with signs consistent with divergence insufficiency, suggesting that abducens palsy was the cause of esotropia in these individuals.14 However, this finding has not been reproduced.11,17. Rather, treatment for a secondary vertical deviation should aim to improve horizontal sensory and motor fusion through vision therapy so the patient is not in the strabismic position as often, thus eliminating the vertical deviation.
Weird vision divergence upon waking at night - Retirement -Social What is congenital ocular motor apraxia? New York, NY Oxford University Press1999;405-610. For example, many investigators propose criteria to differentiate divergence insufficiency from divergence paralysis or paresis.1-3 However these arbitrarily defined criteria more likely describe varying severity of symptoms and ocular motor signs along a continuum of the same condition. This combined with the success of prism treatment in patients with divergence insufficiency makes prescribing prism the ideal initial treatment for this condition. Divergence insufficiency is the opposite problem, accommodation will be worked on first to ensure it is equal between the two eyes, basic vergence exercises will be added in. 2012;95(2):192-7. 2014;18(4):309-15. 127. Thomson
Magnetic resonance imaging resolution showed superotemporal bowing of the LR-SR band in milder cases and abrupt termination of an attenuated band remnant in the superolateral orbit in more severe cases. enlisted 100 patients without strabismus, and readers graded the LR-SR band visible in 95% of orbits on non-fat-suppressed coronal T1-weighted sequences, 68% on coronal STIR sequences. MGallaway
Divergence insufficiency is characterized as follows: Comitant esotropia is present at distance but not at near. Chaudhuri and Demer used MRI to evaluate rectus EOMs, pulleys, and the LR-superior rectus (SR) band ligament in SES. The author has no commercial or proprietary interest in any product or company mentioned in this manuscript, and has no financial interest nor receives payment as a consultant, reviewer, or evaluator. Symptoms resolved in 8 (40%) of 20 patients after a median of 5 months. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. These arguments do not preclude the possibility that some patients with comitant esotropia at distance and full-appearing ocular ductions might be suffering from sixth cranial nerve palsy, not divergence insufficiency. A primary vertical deviation is the same in presence and size whether the patient is strabismic or aligned. Abstract. The disorders associated with the 15 patients with secondary divergence insufficiency are listed in Table 2. Call our optometrists at 302-299-1286 or. [1][5][8] The patients may also present with bilateral ptosis. [2] Convergence Insufficiency Testing. 134. Signs typical of divergence insufficiency were identified in 9 patients without intracranial hypertension (Table 2), including 2 with temporal arteritis. 1995, St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby. AmblyoPlay is a vision therapy solution that is performed through playing therapeutic games and exercises on your tablet or computer for 30 minutes per day. Eight (40%) of the 20 patients recalled such an event, including a viral prodrome in 3 patients, minor head trauma in 2 patients, and hospitalization for an unrelated illness in 3 patients. Her cover test revealed a 25 PD constant right esotropia with a 2 PD constant right hypotropia. Electronic charts are now routinely used in practice, and many of them have an available distance target for determining fixation disparity and the associated phoria. All patients had undergone a general neurologic examination by a board-certified neurologist (D.M.J.). Recent trauma These patients often present with horizontal and vertical deviations. In 2005 Thacker NM et al. [Epub ahead of print] https://doi.org/10.1080/09273972.2017.1421676. Kirkham
Distance esotropia in the elderly. This means that in a vectogram the amount of convergence or divergence needed to fuse the image depends solely upon how far apart the two cards are held, i.e.
is variable. fine-tuned to work on strengthening either negative fusional vergence or positive fusional vergence. Optom Vis Sci. Our eye doctors. While patients with strabismus often benefit from prism wear, it is important to first determine whether a strabismic patient is fit for treatment with prism by evaluating their potential for sensory fusion and whether the addition of prism will improve their sensory fusion status. It is usually benign. DOI: Demer JL. Many affected patients experience spontaneous resolution of double vision within several months. 2013;251:16411644. Visual loss in pseudotumor cerebri: follow-up of 57 patients from five to 41 years and a profile of 14 patients with permanent severe visual loss. One patient was followed up for only 1 month, but her esotropia resolved during that time. Classic causes of divergence insufficiency include the following: Raised intracranial pressure Chiari malformation This means the eyes do not like to move outward toward the ears and is problematic when trying to view a distant target. [5], MRI measurements of horizontal EOM lengths in SES were approximately 40%, or 14 mm, longer than the EOMs of nonstrabismic younger and older controls. The other patient was followed up for 5.5 months, and his esotropia resolved during the first month of that period. PMDivergence paralysis. When looking at the image on the card, patients will be required to use their fusional vergence system to fuse the red and green images into one 3-D image. Corresponding author: Daniel M. Jacobson, MD, Neuro-ophthalmology (4F-2), Marshfield Clinic, 1000 N Oak Ave, Marshfield, WI 54449 (email: jacobsod@mfldclin.edu). The signs and symptoms with this condition are similar to convergence excess. What causes divergence insufficiency? All patients with primary divergence insufficiency had been specifically asked whether their double vision was preceded by a specific event. 2023 American Medical Association. Results from this study also supported previously published evidence of normal age-related connective tissue degeneration as there was a positive age effect in correlation to supero-temporal bowing of the LR-SR band.[9]. Demer JL. 9. A few comments are warranted regarding some of the disorders associated with secondary divergence insufficiency. Any patient presenting with divergence insufficiency and neurological symptoms should undergo a full neurological evaluation and imaging. Near point convergence is the distance you can use both eyes without seeing double. with a stereo image already pre-made onto the card. When patients are spectacle independent and want to remain independent, surgical approach could be offered. Moller
Divergence Insufficiency Revisited: Natural History of Idiopathic Cases and Neurologic Associations. "The term divergence insufficiency implies a problem at the level of the brainstem, suggesting that there is decreased neural output to the extraocular muscles," said Prem S. Subramanian, MD, PhD, at the University of Colorado in Aurora. An affected patient experiences double vision when viewing distant objects, but not when viewing objects up close. Divergence fusion amplitudes were significantly larger in patients with secondary divergence insufficiency compared with those with primary divergence insufficiency, although there was considerable overlap of values between the 2 groups. Tranaglyphs are similar to vectograms, however instead of there being two different transparent image cards that need to be fused into one, there is one image card with a stereo image already pre-made onto the card. To increase convergence, the two cards will be pushed inward, making the image smaller (Small In for the SI in SILO). as their fusional vergence ranges expand. 5. Symptoms of vergence disorders occur only under binocular viewing conditions and may include eyestrain, double vision and headaches.4,7,9,10,15 Interventions: Vision Training Many TBI patients respond well to efforts to improve vision, cope with impairment, or both. Bruce
Neena R, Giridhar A. Schanzer
PDF Divergence Insufficiency - Jama In many individuals with vergence problems, accommodation will be worked on first to ensure it is equal between the two eyes. In many of these cases, the initial management strategy is prescribing vertical prism.1 Often, if the vertical deviation is decreased or eliminated, the patient may be able to comfortably fuse the horizontal deviation. Divergence Insufficiency. Miller
In divergence insufficiency, one or both eye(s) are unable to diverge appropriately to a given target. All rights reserved. Strabismus. To determine the associated phoria, add prism in the appropriate direction until the patient reports that the arrow is aligned with the center line. Primary and secondary forms exist, with the latter more urgently addressed due to neurologic comorbidities. Progressive supranuclear palsy. MEBarrows
Once this can be repeated multiple times, the amount of required divergence or convergence can be increased, thus expanding the vergence range and strengthening the problem area. What is divergence insufficiency? The association with refractive errors (and high myopia in particular) has been a point of contention for some time. NJeds, Leigh
Divergence insufficiency is associated with systemic and neurological disorders, so we must rule out any underlying conditions that may be causing it. Convergence Insufficiency. Prism in reading glasses or strabismus surgery may be required. Different cards with different images will require different amounts of negative and positive fusional vergence. Through her full plus spectacles, she still had a 14 PD constant right esotropia and a 2 PD constant right hypotropia. Patients presenting with a greater eso deviation at distance than at near, a concomitant deviation, and diplopia pose a challenging and critical diagnostic and therapeutic puzzle for . Different surgical approaches exist when dealing with the components of sagging eye syndrome including divergence insufficiency esotropia and cyclovertical strabismus. Initial tenotomy 30% of tendon width was performed to avoid intraoperative overcorrection. SEE RELATED: Binocular Vision Disorders: 6 Frequent Q&As Strabismus. Another historically reported feature of DI is significantly decreased negative fusional vergence (fusional divergence), along with the deficits direct relationship to distance of gaze.